Brazil’s political establishment succeeded in keeping former President Jair Bolsonaro, a major ally of President Donald J. Trump, off the ballot in 2026. It did not succeed in killing Bolsonarismo, the right-wing populist movement he inspired. In Sunday’s first round of Brazil’s presidential election, Bolsonaro’s eldest son, Senator Flávio Bolsonaro, finished ahead of incumbent left-wing President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, setting up a decisive runoff on October 25.
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According to Brazil’s Superior Electoral Court, Flávio received 56.1 million votes, or 47.03 percent, compared with 53.9 million, or 45.16 percent, for Lula. Despite years of prosecutions, court orders, political bans, and the imprisonment of Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil’s populist right may be closer than ever to returning to power.
They Removed Bolsonaro, But Not Bolsonarismo.
Jair Bolsonaro’s fall from power following his razor-thin defeat to Lula in 2022 was followed by a series of legal battles. Brazil’s electoral authorities barred the former president from running for office until 2030, and prosecutors subsequently accused him of participating in a plot to overturn the result of the 2022 election. In September 2025, Brazil’s Supreme Court convicted Bolsonaro and sentenced him to more than 27 years in prison.
Bolsonaro has denied wrongdoing, while his allies have portrayed the cases against him as a politically motivated attempt to remove the most powerful figure on the Brazilian right. President Donald J. Trump’s administration explicitly accused Brazilian authorities of “persecuting former President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro” in a July 2025 executive order. The White House described the criminal charges against Bolsonaro as unjustified and warned that the prosecution threatened Brazil’s ability to hold a free and fair presidential election in 2026.
The irony now confronting Lula and Bolsonaro’s opponents is difficult to miss: they succeeded in preventing Jair Bolsonaro from running, only to find themselves facing another Bolsonaro who received more votes than Lula in the first round.

Trump Went to Bat for Bolsonaro.
The similarities between Jair Bolsonaro and President Trump have been apparent since Bolsonaro entered Brazil’s presidential palace in 2019. Both built populist movements around nationalism, opposition to the political establishment, tougher policies on crime and immigration, hostility toward socialism, conservative social values, and an often combative relationship with the mainstream media.
But the relationship became considerably more important after Trump returned to the White House in January 2025.
The Trump administration repeatedly attacked the treatment of Bolsonaro and focused particular attention on Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes, who became one of the central figures in the investigations of Bolsonaro and his supporters. The administration accused Moraes of abusing his authority, censoring political speech, targeting political opponents, and placing unacceptable demands on American technology companies.
Trump eventually transformed those objections into American foreign policy. In July 2025, the White House announced an additional 40 percent tariff on Brazilian goods, bringing tariffs on affected products to 50 percent. The administration specifically cited what it described as the “politically motivated persecution, intimidation, harassment, censorship, and prosecution” of Bolsonaro and his supporters.
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Bolsonaro Becomes a Dynasty.
The 2026 election has also demonstrated that Bolsonarismo is no longer dependent entirely upon its founder. Flávio’s presidential campaign has been accompanied by remarkable electoral success for the rest of the Bolsonaro family. Former First Lady Michelle Bolsonaro won a Senate seat representing the Federal District, while Jair’s son Carlos Bolsonaro won a Senate seat in Santa Catarina. Jair Renan Bolsonaro was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, as was Renato Bolsonaro, Jair’s brother. The family emerged from Sunday’s elections with four new members of Congress while Flávio advanced to the presidential runoff.
The results for Bolsonaro’s Liberal Party were even more consequential. The party increased its representation from 15 to 28 senators, the strongest Senate result for a single party since Brazil returned to democracy in 1985, and was projected to win 121 seats in the lower house.
Latin America Is Moving Right.
Flávio Bolsonaro’s success is also part of a much broader political transformation underway across Latin America. The early 2020s were dominated by leftist political victories. Lula returned to power in Brazil, Gabriel Boric won in Chile, Gustavo Petro captured Colombia, and left-wing governments appeared ascendant throughout much of Central and South America. That political map has changed dramatically.
Argentina elected libertarian Javier Milei in 2023. Ecuador reelected center-right President Daniel Noboa in 2025. Bolivia subsequently shifted right after two decades dominated by the Movement for Socialism, while conservative José Antonio Kast won Chile’s presidency. Honduras and Costa Rica also moved right, followed by major conservative victories in Peru and Colombia during 2026.
With more than 200 million people and Latin America’s largest economy, a Flávio Bolsonaro victory in Brazil would place the region’s dominant country alongside an increasingly powerful bloc of governments hostile to the socialist and progressive movements that dominated regional politics only a few years ago.
The USAID Factor.
The Trump administration moved rapidly in 2025 to gut the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), terminating thousands of foreign aid awards and transferring the remnants of American foreign assistance to tighter State Department control. The move dramatically reduced the vast network of grants that had previously financed nongovernmental organizations, civil society groups, media initiatives, and other programs throughout Latin America.
Since Trump’s overhaul of USAID and American foreign policy, Latin American voters have delivered a remarkable succession of defeats to left-wing candidates and governments.
The shift has removed a major component of the U.S.-funded NGO and civil-society ecosystem that conservatives had long accused of disproportionately empowering progressive organizations abroad. At the same time, Trump has openly cultivated friendly governments in the Western Hemisphere and made rolling back socialism in the Americas a central feature of his regional strategy.

The Bolsonaros Bounce Back.
Flávio Bolsonaro enters the October 25 runoff in a position few predicted. He not only finished first, but did so while his father remained imprisoned and prohibited from running himself.
Meanwhile, the Brazilian right has dramatically strengthened its position in Congress. Even another Lula victory could therefore leave the veteran leftist confronting a legislature far more sympathetic to Bolsonaro, including lawmakers who may attempt to secure an amnesty for the former president.
The Brazilian political and judicial establishment spent years attempting to contain Jair Bolsonaro, ultimately barring him from office and putting him behind bars. Yet the movement he created survived, his family expanded its political power, and more than 56 million Brazilians just cast presidential ballots for his son.
If Flávio Bolsonaro defeats Lula on October 25, the attempt to remove the Bolsonaro name from the presidential palace will have produced an extraordinary outcome: another Bolsonaro in power, a vastly strengthened Bolsonaro political dynasty, and the biggest Latin American country joining the region’s growing revolt against the left.
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Image by Geraldo Magela/Agência Senado.
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